{"id":380852,"date":"2021-04-30T06:00:15","date_gmt":"2021-04-30T05:00:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/formnutrition.com\/us\/?p=380852"},"modified":"2021-04-30T05:42:14","modified_gmt":"2021-04-30T09:42:14","slug":"the-metabolic-myth-why-the-idea-of-exercising-to-burn-calories-needs-rewriting","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/formnutrition.com\/us\/inform\/the-metabolic-myth-why-the-idea-of-exercising-to-burn-calories-needs-rewriting\/","title":{"rendered":"The Metabolic Myth: Why the Idea of Exercising To Burn Calories Needs Rewriting"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Dr Herman Pontzer\u2019s new book Burn: The Misunderstood Science of Metabolism is mind-blowing, myth-busting, surprisingly digestible and frequently laugh-out-loud funny. But the associate professor of evolutionary anthropology at Duke University, North Carolina, tells Form over Zoom that the feedback hasn\u2019t exactly been universally positive: \u201cThe really fun part about writing a book that challenges something as widespread and multifaceted as metabolism \u2014 which is literally everything your body does \u2014 and that touches on exercise and diet is that you manage to piss a lot of people off.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>If Dr Pontzer\u2019s trying to help someone better understand the science of metabolism at, say, a dinner party, his groundbreaking fieldwork with the Hadza is a graspable if initially unbelievable entry point. The tribe of traditional hunter-gatherers in northern Tanzania, east Africa, dig tubers from the rocky earth, climb trees to retrieve honey from beehives and, armed with sticks, prise antelope carcasses off hungry lions. They average more physical activity in a day than their American counterparts do in a week. But they burn the same number of calories: around 2,000 to 3,000 a day, depending on body weight. Huh?<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-380857 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/formnutrition.com\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2021\/04\/Burn-jacket.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"223\" height=\"342\" srcset=\"https:\/\/formnutrition.com\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2021\/04\/Burn-jacket.jpg 325w, https:\/\/formnutrition.com\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2021\/04\/Burn-jacket-150x231.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 223px) 100vw, 223px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Most of us associate <a href=\"https:\/\/formnutrition.com\/inform\/speed-up-metabolism\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">metabolism<\/a> with physical activity and food, says Dr Pontzer: a small fraction of the largely unseen work of burning calories that all our cells do throughout the day. And when, as in the previous paragraph, we talk about calories \u2014 one of which is the energy needed to raise the temperature of one millilitre of water by one degree Celsius \u2014 we\u2019re usually actually talking about kilocalories, or 1,000 calories, a widespread confusion arising from an arcane convention of capitalising \u201cCalories\u201d to mean kilocalories. Yes, the science of metabolism is misunderstood that fundamentally.<\/p>\n<p>In what Dr Pontzer calls \u201cthe armchair mechanic\u2019s view\u201d of metabolism, your body is a machine: the more work it does, the more energy it burns. But your body is a dynamic organism that, like all other warm-blooded mammals, has evolved to match energy expenditure to a not always certain food intake, manipulating metabolism and hunger accordingly \u2014 because if you spend more energy than you can acquire then you eventually die. In the \u201cconstrained daily energy expenditure\u201d model that Dr Pontzer puts forward, your body is more like a business, with an energy budget to allocate to its operations and the ultimate goal of reproduction.<\/p>\n<p>If more calories are coming in than going out, the surplus is allocated to operations that can use it, or deposited as glycogen (\u201ca quick-access account\u201d) or fat (\u201csavings\u201d). If more are going out than coming in, cutbacks are made in non-essential departments \u2014 including reproduction, which makes sense as a lean-times strategy given our lives are long compared with other species and our offspring calorifically expensive. If the food scarcity is also long, a \u201cstrict and heartless Darwinian manager\u201d will shrink less important organs but preserve your brain. (Whereas starving male mice, short-lived at the best of times, also preserve their testicles.)<\/p>\n<p>If increased physical activity diverts more budget to your muscles, then in the short term your metabolic manager \u2014 AKA your hypothalamus \u2014 increases hunger. In the longer term, other operations such as reproduction, immune function and stress response are suppressed. You may also rest more and fidget less.<\/p>\n<p>And in three to five months, your body will adapt and your energy expenditure will be nearly back to where you started. Exercise\u2019s suppressive effect explains overtraining syndrome, which can\u2019t be avoided by simply eating more. The limit of human endurance is a \u201cmetabolic ceiling\u201d: your body can only absorb around 4,000 to 5,000 kcal a day, and can\u2019t sustain a negative energy balance forever, because death.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-380855 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/formnutrition.com\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2021\/04\/AdobeStock_238601070-1-1200x675.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1200\" height=\"675\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u201cPeople say, \u2018Are you telling me that if I go for a run today I&#8217;m not going to burn any more calories than if I sit on the couch tomorrow?\u2019\u201d says Dr Pontzer. \u201cAnd no, that\u2019s not the theory at all. You\u2019re still going to have day-to-day fluctuations. It\u2019s these sort of long-term, chronic changes in everything else that makes room for the new active lifestyle.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Burn cites a study in which non-exercising men and women trained for a half-marathon. By week 40, the women were running 25 miles a week, an extra 360kcal of daily physical activity, but their daily energy expenditure increased by only 120 kcal. (The men showed similar results.) Their <a href=\"https:\/\/formnutrition.com\/inform\/everything-you-need-to-know-about-your-basal-metabolic-rate\/\">basal metabolic rate<\/a>, the calories you burn at rest, had adjusted down.<\/p>\n<p>This brings us back to why Burn pisses off a lot of people, specifically those with a vested interest in exercise as a tool for weight loss: Dr Pontzer concludes that exercise isn\u2019t a very effective tool for losing weight. You should definitely still exercise, he says, which doesn\u2019t change the number of calories you burn but does change the way your body spends them, taking budget from inflammation or stress response that might become chronic, besides a host of other benefits.<\/p>\n<p>We evolved to move more than our simian cousins, and we suffer ill effects if we don\u2019t. Exercise also seems to help people maintain weight loss, as shown by a <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/10838463\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study of obese Boston policemen<\/a>. But subjects who initially just dieted lost the same amount of weight as those who also exercised.<\/p>\n<p>Dr Pontzer has received positive feedback on his book too, from clinicians whose patients no longer have to feel like they\u2019re failing at exercise because the scales aren\u2019t going down. Public health messaging that gives equal weight to diet and exercise when \u201cit\u2019s 90 per cent &#8211; more like 95 per cent &#8211; diet\u201d isn\u2019t just confusing, he says, but despairing.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-740341 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/formnutrition.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/AdobeStock_96587593-1200x675.jpeg\" alt=\"lunges for ultra marathon training\" width=\"1200\" height=\"675\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Burn also pisses off \u201cketo and carnivore bros\u201d and paleo dieters who don\u2019t want to hear that we didn\u2019t evolve to eat high-fat or only meat and sugar isn\u2019t inherently evil. The Hadza get 15 per cent of their daily calories from honey \u2014 sugar and water \u2014 but don\u2019t get diabetes, and humans around the world have survived and thrived on diverse diets: there\u2019s no one \u201cnatural\u201d way to eat.<\/p>\n<p>Any diet that reduces your calorie intake in a way that is sustainable but \u201cdoesn\u2019t feel like you\u2019re starving yourself\u201d can work, says Dr Pontzer, though he admits that finding one that works for you can be hard and time-consuming. He likes snacks, and beer, as much as the next person, but tries to mostly stick to whole foods his grandparents would recognise.<\/p>\n<p>Dr Pontzer recommends cutting down on \u201cpatterned, behavioural\u201d eating \u2014 reaching for snacks out of habit, when you\u2019re not even hungry \u2014 and making energy-rich engineered foods harder to get: \u201cYou can\u2019t eat the doughnuts if they\u2019re not in your house.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Taxes on these \u201cfreakish\u201d foods could also help combat the global obesity pandemic, says Dr Pontzer. But, as Burn documents, we\u2019ve got bigger energy balance problems to address. Our modern lifestyles have drastically reduced the amount of energy we personally spend hunting and gathering thanks to our vast, uniquely human consumption of external energy: an average of 47,000 kcal per person per day. We\u2019re dining out on the metabolisms of long-dead animals and plants in a way that is not sustainable. And spending more energy than you can acquire does not end well.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong><em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.co.uk\/dp\/B08DQWBCNG\/ref=dp-kindle-redirect?_encoding=UTF8&amp;btkr=1\">\u2018Burn: The Misunderstood Science of Metabolism\u2019<\/a> (Penguin) by Dr Herman Pontzer is out now.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Writer Jamie Millar sits down with Dr Herman Pontzer, author of new book Burn, to discuss the misunderstood science of metabolism and why exercise isn\u2019t a very effective tool for losing weight.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12956,"featured_media":380853,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[40,13],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-380852","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-body","category-nutrition"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.1 (Yoast SEO v26.6) - 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